Body Reactions to Emotion Evoking Situations Essay

Body Reactions to Emotion Evoking Situations - Essay Example Since such situations do not arise every day, I decided to use movies to observe that behavior. Movies such as horror movies, soap operas, high-level comedy and thrillers are known for eliciting emotional responses in the audience. So one Friday evening, I decided to go to a cinema to watch a movie where a horror movie called The Ruins was to show that night. At a round 8pm, I entered the cinema hall. It was dark inside which was an excellent atmosphere for such a movie as the effect on the audience was sure to be profound. I looked for some space and, lucky enough, I got myself sandwiched between a lady and a man. This was excellent as I could be able to observe the response of a man and a lady simultaneously and compare the results. That Friday evening was the beginning of a number of visits to the cinema hall, where I watched movies like Anaconda, The Wrong Turn, Piranha, soap operas like In the Name of Love, Storm Over Paradise and Triumph Of Love and thrillers like 24 and Sparta cus. In all these situations, I observed the responses among different people and their body reactions. I also made some observations on myself on how my body reacted. This research was carried out with reference to the literature that explains the relationship between the body and emotions; how the body reacts to different emotions. ... The body’s reaction to shock is different from the body’s reaction to anger. Moreover, different body parts are involved in the reaction of different emotions, although the face is the dominant part in the expression of emotions.. Psychologists attribute most physical health problems like backache to emotions, especially emotional stress. Prinz (2006) asserts that if we understand how the various body parts relate to certain emotions, we can be able to understand our subconscious. This can help in healing diseases related to emotions as understanding our subconscious helps in knowing the root cause of the problem. Several theories have been developed by scientists on the way emotions are generated and the body reactions to such emotions. One such theory that was advanced to explain the relationship between the body’s reactions and emotions was developed basing on the study by an American scientist by the name William James and a Danish scientist called Carl Lange . Studying independently, the two scientists asserted that two factors determine the feeling of an emotion: the reaction of the body and how a person understands that reaction after an event. William and Lange believed that changes in the body occur before the interpretation of the changes. The two are what constitute emotion. The study by Lange and James led to development of theory called James Lange theory (William and McDermott, 1978). Other theories that have since been developed to explain the same include the theory by Cannon and Bard and also by American scientists, Singer and Schacter. Bard and Cannon made use of the nervous system to explain how emotions are generated and the response of the body to such emotions. They assert that the body reacts

The benefits of Massage on depression and anxiety Research Paper

The benefits of Massage on depression and anxiety - Research Paper Example There are diverse schools of massage, which yields various forms of massage. Massage therapists frequently combine several techniques, although some therapists (purists) stick to one method. There are several types of massage such as aromatherapy, reflexology, shiatsu massage, relaxation massage, and remedial massage. Deep tissue massage mainly utilizes enhanced pressure to reach deeper levels of muscles (Karen et al. 442). Shiatsu massage also employs deep pressure, while neuromuscular massage employs strong pressure to tender spots (trigger points). There are several theories that attempt to explain how massage might work; however, none of the advanced theories has adequately been proved to be true (Field et al. 125). Some massage therapists and massage therapy schools assert that massage breaks up calcium deposits within the muscle; however, there is no objective validation of this assertion. Some forms of massage such as acupressure, reflexology, and Rolfing Structural Integration possess elaborate theories behind them, but there exists no scientific evidence to back the theories (Dryden and Moyer 94). Another advanced explanation details that massage facilitates healing by reducing the incidence of stress and bringing about relaxation. Massage also gratifies the basic human need to be touched. Massage therapy remains predominantly employed to relieve muscular tension and deliver relaxation. Massage is touted to be helpful as an aid in the treatment of a wide variety of conditions such as attention deficit disorder (ADD), autism, asthma, eczema, low back pain, neck pain, spinal cord injury, and bedsores. Although there is a collection of evidence pointing out that massage may be helpful for diverse forms of medical purposes, the evidence on the efficacy of massage is not strong (Dryden and Moyer 95). Several reasons can be cited for this, with the most outstanding being that even with

Processes Of Post Partum Care Nursing Essay

Processes Of Post Partum Care Nursing Essay Postpartum care presents a special challenge, as it concerns two i.e. mother and her baby people with very distinct needs. However it is believed that contribution to good quality care ensure to balance the challenge. The major maternal and neonatal health challenges include nutrition and breastfeeding, birth spacing, immunization and HIV/AIDS, therefore Post partum care is pre-eminently about the provision of a supportive environment in which a woman, her baby and the wider family can begin their new life together. Therefore this guideline aims to identify the essential core (routine) care that every woman and her baby should receive in the first 6-8 weeks after birth, based on the best evidence available. This guideline has been written within a conceptual framework which places the woman and her baby at the centre of care, appreciating that all post partum care should be delivered in partnership with the woman and should be individualized to meet the needs of each mother-infant dyad. Thus this clinical guideline of post partum is to offer information to support midwives to increase the knowledge and skills that enable them to handle mothers and their neonates and management of postpartum complication, and referral. Objectives: Perform postpartum examination on mother and baby and provide care to ensure safe post partum. Provide first line EmONC or referral for the complication occurring during postpartum period Facilitate the process of lactation and infant bounding. Support of the mother and her family in the transition to a new family constellation, and response to their needs prevention, early diagnosis and treatment of complications of mother and infant, including the prevention of vertical transmission of diseases from mother to infant Counsel the couple for: resumption of sexual activity and birth spacing regular contraception service, emergency contraceptive methods, dispelling myths and birth spacing in special situation. maternal nutrition, and supplementation if necessary baby care support of breastfeeding Immunization of the infant and mother. Referral of mother and infant for specialist care when necessary CLINICAL PLACEMENT Out Patient Department Postnatal wards Well baby room Community Primary Health Care centers POST PARTUM VISIT SCHEDULE AFTER 3rd STAGE OF LABOUR TILL 2 HOURS AFTER 2 HOURS TILL 24 Hours First visit (within the first week, preferably within 2-3 days) Second visit (4-6 weeks) More frequent visits or different schedules may be required according to client need and or hospital policy. Encourage the woman to bring her partner or family member to at least 1 visit. KEY ELEMENTS OF POSTPARTUM CARE: 6-12 hours 3- 6 days 6 weeks blood loss pain BP advice/ warning signs breast care temperature/infection lochia mood recovery anaemia contraception IMMEDIATE POST PARTUM CARE (After 3rd stage of labor till 2 hrs) Initial Postpartum Recovery Assessment: special attention to: Monitoring and assessment of maternal well being, prevention and detection of complications (e.g. bleeding, hypertension, and infections) Determine; Assess amount and the character of BLEEDING , Measure and document vital sign (BLOOD PRESSURE, pulse rate and temperature Other warning sign like fever, uterine involution, pain etc Status of the perineum, (tears laceration) Status of the fundus; position and firmness Document urine void within 6 hours. Ensure emptiness of urinary bladder Monitor for signs of bladder distension. After delivery IV fluids infusing type and amount Response of the woman and her partner to the newborn Give woman time with baby and family to facilitate bonding and celebrate the occasion. Status of the breasts once immediately after delivery and then again just before transfer to postpartum Allow women to rest Pain assessment; if the woman is experiencing any pain; Determine the characteristics, quality, timing, and relief after comfort measures, Investigate the source (e.g., after pains, episiotomy, painful urination, pain in the calves). If the woman had a cesarean delivery; check the incision dressing for intactness and determine incision bleeding if any complain for pain type, and success of analgesics and comfort measures to control the pain; toleration of ambulation status of the bladder; Provide hygiene care. Help woman to re dress Establishments of breastfeeding/ ROUTINE PROGRESSIVE POST PARTUM CARE (After 2hrs till 24 hrs) Take medical and pregnancy histories and perform physical examination that are important to alert for postpartum risk such as postpartum Hemorrhage, infection, and lead to normal healing First Visit HISTORY (should include significant pregnancy, labor and birth newborn history Review of Ante Partum chart and labs, problems which may need follow up Review of Intra Partum course and labs Check records: any complications during delivery Receiving any treatments Review of status since birth to postpartum period Review if patient is Tdap immunization status Obtains information about cultural factors influencing clients health and compliance Assesses clients and significant others feelings and level of understanding of sexuality, post partum. Observe the gravid woman for verbal and non-verbal clues to exclude post partum bluesdepression HIV status CONTINOUS POST PARTUM ASSESSMENT (ONCE PER SHIFT) Take the vital signs including of Respiratory characteristic s and Rule out labour breathing shortness of breath and chest pain. Regular Heart rate Height, And Weight Performs review of systems appropriate to POSTPARTUM Body parts Assessment and Probable findings Breasts Inspect the: Colostrum excretion breasts for signs of engorgement, nipples aversion/ redness, or cracks, then Palpate the breasts gently to determine if they are soft, filling, or engorged with milk Note if there is pain/ oedema/ swelling Abdomen Inspect the abdomen and note: striae, scars, shape and size of the abdomen Any organs enlargement and any masses. Palpate the abdomen to assess uterus involution (by height of fundas) determine consistency, tone, position, size/height in relation to the umbilicus Genitalia Inspect Vulva and perineum for: tear, swelling, pus. Observe external genitalia for color of skin, varicosities, and laceration, episiotomy stitches healing. vaginal opening for cystocele or rectocele. Vaginal discharge (lochia); special attention to color, amount and odor Bladder and bowel; Assess voiding amounts (more than 100 mL per each voiding) frequency If amounts smaller than 100 mL check for urinary retention, i.e. suprapubic distention Auscultate for bowel sounds in each quaderant. Ask the woman if she has had a bowel movement after delivery. Peripheral vascular Inspect the extremities for edema equality of pulses, and capillary refill. Check for Homans sign when the feet are dorsiflexed or woman is walking. Hemoglobin and hematocrit (hh). Compare the HH before delivery. Note the blood type and Rh. If the woman is Rh-negative, arrange for RhoGAM MEDICATION For pain relief advise: Topical cold therapy Paracetamol NSAIDs if not contraindicated In areas of high prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia, 400 mg ferrous sulphate (2 tablets) per day or once a week, with 250 ÃŽÂ ¼g folate for 4 months is recommended for pregnant and lactating women. In areas of low prevalence 1 tablet of ferrous sulphate daily may be sufficient. IMMUNIZATION Offer Anti-D immunoglobulin within 72 hours to every non-sensitized Rh-D-negative woman following the delivery of an RhD-positive baby. Complete TT vaccination for woman according to given schedule if required Offered an MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccination following birth and before discharge from the maternity unit if they are in hospital if on antenatal screening women found to be sero-negative for rubella following the safety protocol Health Education for mother All women should be given information about the physiological process of recovery after birth, and that some health problems are common, with advice to report any health concerns to healthcare professional, in particular: Signs and symptoms of PPH: sudden and profuse blood loss or persistent increased blood loss; faintness; dizziness; palpitations/tachycardia. Signs and symptoms of infection: fever; shaking; abdominal pain and/or offensive vaginal loss. Signs and symptoms of thromboembolism: unilateral calf pain; redness or swelling of calves; shortness of breath or chest pain. Signs and symptoms of pre-eclampsia: headaches accompanied by one or more of the symptoms of visual disturbances, nausea, vomiting, feeling faint. Women who have had an epidural or spinal anesthesia should be advised to report any severe headache, particularly when sitting or standing Diet during post partum Caring breast while breast feeding Fundal Massage Perineum and Vaginal Care Pain Management: explain the non- medicinal ways of easing pain, such as applying warmth to the abdomen to help soothe after pains. Activities contribute to or prevent constipation. If non immune for rubella educate for rubella immunization SECOND VISIT (4-6 weeks) HISTORY Follow the guideline of ROUTINE POST PARTUM CARE (After 2hrs till 6hrs) CONTINOUS POST PARTUM ASSESSMENT follow the guideline of (After 2hrs till 6hrs) MEDICATION Follow the guideline of ROUTINE POST PARTUM CARE (After 2hrs till 6hrs) VACCINATION Follow the guideline of ROUTINE POST PARTUM CARE (After 2hrs till 6hrs) HEALTH EDUCATION Follow the guideline of ROUTINE POST PARTUM CARE (After 2hrs till 6 hrs) Postpartum Discharge Plan and complete all necessary assessment and care as per hospital policy by consider maternal and infant health and financial status. HISTORY Review of the womans physical, emotional and social well-being at taking in account the routine examinations Counsel mother family on baby care. ASSESSMENT OR EXAMINATION Follow the guideline of ROUTINE POST PARTUM CARE (After 2hrs till 6hrs) HEALTH EDUCATION Explain all take home medication with their effects and side effects. Allow them to resolve their queries. Educate mother about danger signs, personal hygiene, perineal care, postpartum exercises, follow-up visit baby care, baby mother immunization, breast feeding, Postpartum COMPLICATION MANAGEMENT essentc Hypertension during postnatal period Continue to assess patients for signs and symptoms or worsening of preeclampsia in the postpartum period. For postpartum patients on magnesium sulfate: In general the magnesium sulfate is continued for 24 hours postpartum Strict IO in the initial 24 hours postpartum Evaluation between 4 and 8 hours postpartum for vital signs especially BP, IO, signs of magnesium toxicity, evaluation for further information Refer: World Health Organization, International Confederation of Midwifery (ICM) (2008). Midwifery education modules second edition Managing Eclampsia Available: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008 Baby Blues/ Post Partum Depression Definition: A transient period of depression that occurs during the first week or two after birth Causes: hormonal changes, fatigue Sign and symptoms: mood swings, anger, weepiness, anorexia, insomnia Intervention Usually will resolve naturally Should receive social support Needs plenty of rest Anemia (Refer PHRplus/Albania (2005) Toolkits for Strengthening Primary Health Care Clinical Practice Guideline for Family Doctors; Quick References Partners for Health Reforms, USAID) Available: http://www.who.int/management/ToolkitsforStrengtheningPHCAlbaniaPHC.pdf Postpartum Hemorrhage Refer: World Health Organization, International Confederation of Midwifery (ICM) (2008). Midwifery education modules second edition Managing postpartum hemorrhage Available: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008 Puerperal Sepsis Refer: World Health Organization, International Confederation of Midwifery (ICM) (2008). Midwifery education modules second edition Managing Puerperal Sepsis Available: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008 Diabetes in postpartum period Refer: World Health Organization Reproductive Health AND Research (2005). A pocket guide for essential practice Sexually Transmitted and Other Reproductive Tract Infections integrating STI/RTI, HIV Care for Reproductive Health

Sicilian Meta-Network Essay -- Social Issues, Mafioso Families

Mafioso families have network structures that are distinct from those in typical hierarchical organizations—they are cellular and distributed. While most politicians and law enforcement agents have at least an intuitive understanding of hierarchies and how to affect their behavior, they have less of an understanding of how to even go about reasoning about dynamic networked organizations (Ronfelt and Arquilla, 2001). It is even more difficult to understand how such networks will evolve, change, adapt and how they can be destabilized. Clearly social network analysis can be applied to the study of covert networks (Sparrow, 1991). However, it would be a mistake to assume that in order to understand these networks we just need to â€Å"connect the dots† and then isolate the â€Å"key† actors who are often defined in terms of their â€Å"centrality† in the network. To an extent, this is right, as in the case of bridging members embedded within patron-client networks. However, within covert networks such as Cosa Nostra, this assumption belies the difficulty of â€Å"connecting the dots† in terms of mining vast quantities of information, pattern matching on characteristics for mafiosi who often go under multiple aliases, and still ending up with information the may be intentionally misleading, inaccurate, out-of-date, and incomplete. Further, this belies the difficulty in â€Å"knowing† who is the most central when you have at best only a sample of the network. Finally, and critically, this approach does not contend with the most pressing problem—the underlying network is dynamic. Just because you isolate a key actor today does not mean that the network will be destabilized and unable to respond. Rather, it is possible, that isolating such an actor may have... ...ertise is critical. This is particularly applicable to Cosa Nostra considering that, according to Gambetta, mafiosi are highly specialized according to specific tasks. (Gambetta 67) There are two key themes underlying these results. First, it is easier to determine how to impact the performance or the flow of information through an organization than it is to determine exactly how it will adapt. It is easier to destabilize a network than to determine what new goals it will form or new tasks it will take on. This is a function of our lack of knowledge about the processes of adaptation other than learning. Second, the relative impact of destabilization strategies strongly depends on the underlying organizational architecture, that is, on the meta-network itself. As such, a key interpretation of these results is in terms of destabilizing different classes of networks.

Health Care System of Taiwan and the United States

Health Care Systems of Taiwan and the United States Health care is one of the most essential foundations for any citizenship in any country since whether it is effective or not, it definitely affects the standard of living and the life expectancy of a country. According to Johnson and Stoskopf (2009), â€Å"A health system as described by the World Health Organization (WHO) is the sum total of all the organizations, institutions, and resources whose primary purpose is to improve health,† (p. 3). Therefore, to positively improve a nation, having an effective ealth care system is crucial.Being recognized as one of the powerful countries in the world, the United States has a great shape of health care programs; however, sometimes it is inaccessible to some of the citizens. On the contrary, as a small country, Taiwan is famous for its health care system although there are still defective parts existing in the current system. To compare the differences of health care systems in Tai wan and the United States, we can observe the three major aspects: ownership, cost, and quality. First of all, Taiwan and the United States have different types of ownership in the health care systems.Thus, Taiwan owns a single-payer system, which is run by the government, forcing everyone to Join it and pay. Because of this policy, the coverage of health care is close to 99 percent (Underwood, 2009). In this country, the government-run system covers prevention, primary care, hospitalization, Chinese massage, acupuncture, traditional herbal medicine, mental health care, dental, vision, and long-term care. Unlike Taiwan, the United States possesses several types of ublic and private funding systems: Medicare and Medicaid are the two main public funded plans for Americans.There is also abundance of private insurance companies for people to choose, but they usually have a long list of pre-existing conditions, which restricts many patients since they are unable to receive health care in surance. Although the United States contains public and private programs, nearly 15. 6 percent of Americans had no health insurance in 2003, (Samuel D. , 2010). Secondly, the cost of health care for Taiwanese and Americans is divergent. Thus, Taiwan spends approximately 6 percent of G. D. P. on health care while the United State spends about 16 percent of G.D. P. (Seth B. , 2009, p. 1). Moreover, in Taiwan, people merely have to pay small amount of money set by the Bureau of National Health Insurance (BNHI) for each medical service received, and the BNHI will cover the rest of the payment (Taiwan Health Care Reform Foundation, 2010). As a result, no one in Taiwan goes bankrupt due to the medical bill. Unlike Taiwanese, a lot of Americans undergo bankruptcy since they cannot afford their medical bills. Finally, the quality of health care in Taiwan is not the same as that in the United to turn to.Moreover, there is no waiting time for patients which highly enhances the effectiveness o f health care. The competition between public and private hospitals improves the quality. Furthermore, every Taiwanese who is under the coverage has a Smart Card: an electronic health record, which is required for patient to bring along when seeing a doctor. The nurses would scan the card and all the medical record of that patient would appear clearly. It is a paperless system that improves treatment nd reduces redundant process of paperwork.Different from Taiwan, the insurance companies in the United States limit the patients in what doctors and hospitals they can go to, and it is necessary to set up an appointment in advance. In conclusion, it should be underscored that the ownership of health care systems plays an important role for a country because it might affect the entire system. The cost determines whether or not the citizens of the country are able to pay for the bills. The overall quality is a critical aspect of health care system since it ight either directly or indirect ly influence a patient's well-being.It is quite difficult for me to conclude which one of the health care systems is more effective due to the fact that Taiwan and the United States are distinctive in many ways, such as population and country size. Nevertheless, there are still several aspects that the United States can learn from Taiwan: for instance, studying other nations' health care system. Before deciding on a health care system, the experts in Taiwan carried out research on several successful countries' programs and eventually established its wn in 1995.

Marxism vs Functionalism

As a sociological discipline, functionalism is counterposed to Marxism. However it shares with Marxism the importance of ‘totality’ and the corresponding view that scientific inquiry is based upon the interdependence of parts within a whole. It is important to distinguish why the Marxian use of the totality differs significantly from functionalist systems. Primarily this involves the Marxian emphasis on the contradictory character of the whole and the treatment of the social totality from the perspective of its conflicts.Functionalism in contrast views society generally as a stable system and looks for the mechanisms that give it harmony – it thus seeks to reduce conflict to a residual element of the system, or view conflict from the perspective of its maintenance of the social system. Marxism was founded by Karl Marx. Marx saw society as divided into two major parts, the economic base otherwise known as the infrastructure and the super-structure. Functionalists s ee society as a set of parts which work together to form a whole. Functionalism is also called a consensus theory.Marxism and functionalism are similar in that they see that the way society is structured as an important part in determining the way people have relationships and behave between themselves. This is known as structural perspective. Both functionalists and Marxists believe that people are portrayed as creature within the social system. Functionalists believe that society operates to the benefit of everybody. They stress that societies continue to exist because a lot of the time there is consensus between various aspects.

Immigration And Discrimination In The 1920s Essays - Free Essays

Immigration And Discrimination In The 1920s Essays - Free Essays Immigration and Discrimination in the 1920's American History Beginning in the early nineteenth century there were massive waves of immigration. These "new" immigants were largely from Italy, Russia, and Ireland. There was a mixed reaction to these incomming foreigners. While they provided industries with a cheap source of labor, Americans were both afraid of, and hostile towards these new groups. They differed from the "typical American" in language, customs, and religion. Many individuals and industries alike played upon America's fears of immigration to further their own goals. Leuchtenburg follows this common theme from the beginning of World War I up untill the election of 1928. If there was one man who singlely used America's fear of immigrants to advance his own political goals it was Attorney General Palmer. The rise of Communism in Russia created a fear of its spread across Europe, and to America. Palmer tied this fear to that of immigration. He denounced labor unions, the Socialist party, and the Communist party in America, as being infultrated with radicals who sought to overturn America's political, economic, and social institutions. Palmer exasperated this fear in Americans and then presented himself as the country's savior, combatting the evils of Communism. He mainly centered his attack on Russian immigrants. During the infamous Palmer raids thousands of aliens were deported and even more were arrested on little or no evidence. Their civil liberties were violated, they were not told the reasons for their arrests, denied counsel, and not given fair trials. What followed was an investigation of Palmer led by Louis Post which overturned many of Palmer's actions. Palmer's cretability was shattered after in a last minute attempt to gain the 1920 presidencial nomination, he made predictions about a May Day radical uprising, the nation perpared itself, but on May 1st 1920 all was peaceful. While the raids had stopped, the hostilities towards immagrants still remained prevelent. Immigrants were used by organized industries as a source of cheap labor. But as labor unions began to form and push for better pay, shorter hours, and improved working conditions industries saw that it was not as easy to exploit these immigrants as it had been before. Like Palmer, they tied the American's hostilities towards immigrants to the newly emerging fear of radicalism. When workers struck, industry leaders turned public opinion agains them by labling the strikes as attemps at radical uprising. As a result, workers were often left with no other choice than to accept the terms of industry management. The fight for prohabition was aided by America's antagonism for immigrants. Protestants and "old-stock" Americans attempted to link alchol with Catholic-Irish and Italian immigrants. They were viewed as immoral and corrupt for their vice. Prohabition was a means of counterattacking the evils of the urban cities and their immigrant dwellers. In addition, the rise of the KKK was a direct result of the hostilities harbored towards the immigrant population. Started by native born, white, Protestants, the KKK was afraid of "the encroachment of foreigners," expecially those who answered to a foreign Pope as their religious authority. Playing upon these fears, the KKK gained support and was it's members were able to politically control parts of Ohio, Oklahoma, Texas, and much of Indiana.