Bacteria and Growth Temperature

INTRODUCTION The environments of globe include conditions in which physical and chemical extremes garner it precise difficult for organisms to stomach. Conditions that outhouse destroy lifespan electric cells and biomolecules include lavishly and low temperatures low amounts of group O and pee and mellow levels of salinity, acidity, alkalinity, and radiation. Examples of extreme environments on landed estate atomic number 18 sizzling geysers and marineic thermal vents, Antarctic ocean ice, and group O-depleted rivers and lakes. Organisms that suck in evolved special admitations that permit them to feel in extreme conditions ar cal lead extremophiles. Photo by Dmitry Pichugin Thermophiles are microorganisms with optimal process temperatures among 60 and 108 degrees Celsius, isolated from a number of marine and quotidian ge separatemally- come a live(a)ed habitats including shallow terrestrial hot springs, hydrothermal vent systems, fix from volcanic islands, and copious sea hydrothermal vents. -Encyclopedia of Environmental Microbiology, 2002. vol. 3. Temperature and bacterium The lowest temperature at which a particular species bequeath become is the minimum provoketh temperature, while the maximal advanceth temperature is the highest temperature at which they will get under ones skin.The temperature at which their growth is optimal is called the best growth temperature. In agentral, the supreme and minimum growth temperatures of any particular lawsuit of bacterium are to the highest degree 30F (-1C) apart. most bacteria thrive at temperatures at or around that of the human body 98. 6F (37C), and nearly, such as Escherichia coli, are form parts of the human intestinal flora. These organisms are mesophiles (moderate-temperature-loving), with an optimum growth temperature between 77F (25C) and 104F (40C).Mesophiles have adapted to thrive in temperatures smashed to that of their host. Psychrophiles, which prefer dust-co vered temperatures, are divided into 2 groups. One group has an optimal growth temperature of almost 59F (15C), but can grow at temperatures as low as 32F (0C). These organisms live in ocean depths or Arctic regions. Other psychrophiles that can also grow at 32F (0C) have an optimal growth temperature between 68F (20C) and 86F (30C). These organisms, sometimes called psychrotrophs, are frequently those associated with solid food sp crude oilage under refrigeration.Thermophiles thrive in very hot environments, many having an optimum growth temperature between 122F (50C) and 140F (60C), similar to that of hot springs in Yellowstone National Park. Such organisms thrive in compost piles, where temperatures can rise as high as 140F (60C). Extreme thermophiles grow at temperatures above 195F (91C). Along the sides of hydrothermal vents on the ocean bottom 217 mi (350 km) north of the Galapagos Islands, for example, bacteria grow in temperatures that can reach 662F (350C). pH and bacter iaLike temperature, pH also plays a utilization in determining the great power of bacteria to grow or thrive in particular environments. Most commonly, bacteria grow optimally within a narrow range of pH between 6. 7 and 7. 5. Acidophiles, however, prefer acidic conditions. For example, Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, which occurs in drainage water from coal mines, can survive at pH 1. Other bacteria, such as Vibrio cholera, the ca use of goods and services of cholera, can thrive at a pH as high as 9. 0. Osmotic thrust and bacteria Osmotic pressure is another confine factor in the growth of bacteria.Bacteria are about 80-90% water they require moisture to grow because they contract most of their nutrients from their aqueous environment. Examples of Extreme Communities intricate Sea. The deep sea environment has high pressure and parky temperatures (1 to 2 degrees Celsius 33. 8 to 35. 6 degrees Fahrenheit), except in the vicinity of hydrothermal vents, which are a part of the sea f loor that is spreading, creating cracks in the earths crust that release heat and chemicals into the deep sea environment and create subaqueous geysers.In these vents, the temperature whitethorn be as high as 400 degrees Celsius (752 degrees Fahrenheit), but water remains suave owing to the high pressure. Hydrothermal vents have a pH range from about 3 to 8 and ridiculous chemistry. In 1977, the submarine Alvin make life 2. 6 kilometers (1. 6 miles) deep near vents along the eastern United States Pacific Rise. Life forms ranged from microbes to invertebrates that were adapted to these extreme conditions. Deep sea environments are home to psychrophiles (organisms that like cold temperatures), hyperthermophiles (organisms that like very high temperatures), and piezophiles (organisms adapted to high pressures).Hypersaline Environments. Hypersaline environments are high in salt constriction and include salt flats, evaporation ponds, natural lakes (for example, vast Salt Lake), an d deep sea hypersaline basins. Communities supporting in these environments are often dominated by halophilic (salt-loving) organisms, including bacteria, algae, diatoms, and protozoa. thither are also halophilic yeasts and other fungi, but these unremarkably cannot tolerate environments as saline as other tax. Deserts. Deserts can be hot or cold, but they are always dry.The Atacoma desert in Chile is one of the oldest, driest hot deserts, sometimes subsisting for decades without any precipitation at all. The coldest, driest places are the Antarctic Dry Valleys, where primary inhabitants are cyanobacteria, algae, and fungi that live a few millimeters beneath the sandstone rock surface. Although these endolithic (living in rocks) communities are based on photosynthesis, the organisms have had to adapt to long periods of darkness and extremely dry conditions.Light dustings of coulomb that may melt in the Antarctic summertime are often the only sources of water for these organi sms. Ice. Permafrost, and Snow. From high-altitude glaciers, often colored pink from red-colored algae, to the polar permafrost, life has evolved to use frozen water as a habitat. In some instances, the organisms, such as bacteria, protozoa, and algae, are in reality living in liquid brine (very stimulating water) that is contained in pockets of the ice. In other cases, microorganisms found living on or in ice are not so much ice lovers as much as ice survivors.These organisms may have been trapped in the ice and just possess sufficient adaptations to enable them to persist. Atmosphere. The ability for an organism to survive in the atmosphere depends greatly on its ability to withstand desiccation and exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Although microorganisms can be found in the upper layers of the atmosphere, it is unreadable whether these constitute a functional ecosystem or simply an aerial suspension of live but mostly inactive organisms and their spores. Outer Space.The stu dy of extremeophiles and the ability of some to survive exposure to the conditions of outer space has elevated the possibility that life might be found elsewhere in the universe and the possibility that guileless life forms may be capable of traveling through space, for example from one planet to another. explore Findings naked as a jaybirdfound divisor may help bacteria survive in extreme environments Resulting microbial lipides may also signify oxygen dips in reasons history. Jennifer Chu, MIT News Office July 26, 2012 A pertly discovered gene in bacteria may help microbes survive in low-oxygen environments.A bacterial cell with the gene, left, exhibits protective membranes. A cell without the gene, right, produces no membranes. grasp Paula Welander In the days following the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill, methane-eating bacteria bloomed in the Gulf of Mexico, feasting on the methane that gushed, along with oil, from the damaged well. The sudden influx of microbes was a scientific curiosity Prior to the oil spill, scientists had sight relatively few signs of methane-eating microbes in the area. Now researchers at MIT have discovered a bacterial gene that may explain this sudden influx of methane-eating bacteria.This gene enables bacteria to survive in extreme, oxygen-depleted environments, lying asleep(predicate) until food such as methane from an oil spill, and the oxygen needed to metabolize it become available. The gene codes for a protein, named HpnR, that is responsible for producing bacterial lipids known as 3-methylhopanoids. The researchers study producing these lipids may better prepare nutrient-starved microbes to make a sudden appearance in nature when conditions are favorable, such as after the Deepwater Horizon accident.The lipid produced by the HpnR protein may also be apply as a biomarker, or a spot in rock layers, to identify dramatic changes in oxygen levels over the course of geological history. The subject that interests us is that this could be a window into the geologic past, says MIT Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences (EAPS) postdoc Paula Welander, who led the research. In the geologic record, many millions of years ago, we picture a number of mass extinction events where there is also evidence of oxygen depletion in the ocean.Its at these key events, and immediately afterward, where we also gibe increases in all these biomarkers as well as indicators of climate disturbance. It seems to be part of a syndrome of warming, ocean deoxygenation and biotic extinction. The ultimate causes are unknown. Welander and EAPS Professor Roger rally have published their results this week in the proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. This image shows that 5 contrasting extreme environments that the extremeophile live. Such as, Sea Vennts at sea floor, Yellowstone Hotsprings, Antartica Subglacial Lakes, at Atacama Desert, and lastly at Jupiter (Space).Europa is one of Jupiters moons, and is covered in ice. Scientists have recently show strong evidence of liquid water beneath Europas ice, which may be due to hydrothermal vents, which may in turn host bacteria. Credit Nicolle Rager Fuller, NSF REFFERENCES 1. http//science. jrank. org/pages/714/Bacteria. hypertext mark-up languageixzz28JlGDpue 2. Horikoshi, K. , and W. D. Grant. Extremophiles Microbial Life in Extreme Environments. New York Wiley-Liss, 1998. 3. Madigan, M. T. , and B. L. Marrs. Extremophiles. Scientific American 276, no. 4 (1997) 8287. 4.Rothschild, L. J. , and R. L. Mancinelli. Life in Extreme Environments. Nature 409 (2001) 10921101. 5. Seckbach, J. , ed. journey to Diverse Microbial Worlds Adaptation to Exotic Environments. Dordrecht, Netherlands Kluwer pedantic Publishers, 2000. 6. http//www. biologyreference. com/Ep-Fl/Extreme-Communities. htmlbixzz28Jn5EptD 7. http//www. nsf. gov/news/special_reports/sfs/index. jsp? id=lifesid=ext appellative 1 BACTERIAS THAT LIVE IN EXTREAM ENVI RONMENT put forward SARANKUMAR PERUMALU MATRIX NO 4112033021 LECTURER MR MOOHAMAD ROPANING SULONG